KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND USE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AMONG MIDDLE AGE AND ELDERLY PERSONS IN AMUWO ODOFIN LGA, LAGOS STATE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Dietary supplements play a significant role in health maintenance, especially among middle-aged and elderly populations. As individuals age, they often face numerous health challenges, including nutrient deficiencies and chronic diseases, which prompt the increased use of dietary supplements to enhance health outcomes. Supplements, such as vitamins, minerals, and herbal products, are typically used to improve nutrition and prevent conditions like osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and even certain cancers (Rautiainen et al., 2016). The global trend towards supplement use is increasing, driven by factors such as higher health awareness, improved access to information, and more available product options (Kantor et al., 2016).

Nigeria is not exempt from this trend. In Lagos State, especially within Local Government Areas (LGAs) such as Amuwo Odofin, the rise in dietary supplement use among middle-aged and elderly persons is notable. In low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria, where access to nutritious foods might be limited due to economic factors, dietary supplements can serve as a practical alternative for improving nutrition (Afolabi et al., 2015). For the ageing population in Nigeria, dietary supplements are not only a means to prevent diseases but also a method of coping with ageing-related declines in health (Alonge et al., 2017). This growing reliance on supplements in managing health outcomes is reflected globally as well, as individuals strive to maintain an active and healthier life in their later years (Jeruszka-Bielak et al., 2018).

The use of dietary supplements, however, raises concerns about knowledge and awareness. A critical factor is whether individuals are adequately informed about the efficacy, safety, and correct usage of supplements. Many elderly persons may be taking supplements without full awareness of potential interactions with prescription medications, posing a risk to their health (Agbabiaka et al., 2018). A study in the United States indicated significant changes in medication and supplement use among older adults, emphasizing the need for continuous education to minimize risks (Qato et al., 2016). In Nigeria, issues related to unregulated supplement use and the proliferation of counterfeit products present additional risks (Udousoro et al., 2017).

Furthermore, attitudes toward dietary supplements are shaped by several factors, including cultural beliefs, socio-economic status, and health literacy. Research shows that attitudes can significantly influence whether individuals take supplements regularly or sporadically (Alhomoud et al., 2016). In Amuwo Odofin LGA, like many other parts of Lagos, attitudes toward supplements may be influenced by the availability of information and accessibility to healthcare services. Elderly persons, in particular, may lack the necessary guidance on proper supplement use due to limited health education programs in the community (Fakoya et al., 2018).

Therefore, understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and patterns of dietary supplement use among the middle-aged and elderly populations is crucial. This research seeks to provide insight into these areas, aiming to improve health education and ensure that supplements are used safely and effectively among vulnerable populations in Amuwo Odofin LGA, Lagos State.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The growing reliance on dietary supplements among middle-aged and elderly persons in Nigeria presents both opportunities and challenges. While supplements offer potential benefits in managing nutritional deficiencies and preventing age-related diseases, improper use, lack of knowledge, and poor regulatory oversight pose significant risks. In Amuwo Odofin LGA, the use of dietary supplements is often driven by misinformation, inadequate medical advice, and cultural influences, which can lead to misuse and adverse health outcomes (Agbabiaka et al., 2018).

Despite the increasing popularity of supplements, there is limited research on the knowledge and attitudes of the elderly regarding their safe use. Many elderly individuals in Nigeria resort to supplements without understanding their potential interactions with prescribed medications, leading to increased risks of poly-pharmacy and adverse drug reactions (Akande-Sholabi et al., 2018). Moreover, with the influx of counterfeit supplements in local markets, there is a heightened risk of individuals consuming products that are either ineffective or harmful (Udousoro et al., 2017).

The lack of structured health education programs in the community exacerbates the problem, as many elderly individuals may not have access to accurate information regarding dietary supplements. Furthermore, cultural beliefs and reliance on traditional medicines can influence attitudes toward supplement use, often leading to a preference for herbal remedies over scientifically approved products (Kamel et al., 2017). This highlights the need for comprehensive education and regulation to ensure the safe and effective use of dietary supplements.

This study aims to address these gaps by assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and use of dietary supplements among middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA. By understanding these factors, interventions can be developed to promote safe supplement practices and improve health outcomes in this demographic.

 

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1. To assess the level of knowledge regarding dietary supplements among middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA.

2. To evaluate the attitudes of middle-aged and elderly persons towards the use of dietary supplements.

3. To determine the prevalence and patterns of dietary supplement use among middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA.

 

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the level of knowledge regarding dietary supplements among middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA?

2. What are the attitudes of middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA toward the use of dietary supplements?

3. What are the common dietary supplements used by middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA, and how frequently are they used?

 

1.5 Research Hypotheses

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between knowledge of dietary supplements and their use among middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA.

Ho2: There is no significant association between attitudes towards dietary supplements and their use among middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA.

Ho3: The use of dietary supplements does not significantly vary by demographic factors such as age, gender, or socio-economic status in Amuwo Odofin LGA.

 

1.6 Significance of the Study

This study is significant in several ways. First, it provides valuable insights into the knowledge, attitudes, and practices surrounding dietary supplements among middle-aged and elderly persons in Amuwo Odofin LGA. This information can be used by healthcare providers, policymakers, and public health educators to develop targeted interventions aimed at improving the safe use of supplements in this population. Additionally, the findings of this study could help inform regulatory agencies in Nigeria about the need for stricter oversight of the dietary supplement market to protect consumers from counterfeit and harmful products. Lastly, the research will contribute to the growing body of literature on supplement use in Africa, filling a gap in understanding the behaviours of elderly populations in developing countries.

 

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study will focus on middle-aged (40–59 years) and elderly persons (60 years and above) residing in Amuwo Odofin LGA, Lagos State. It will assess their knowledge, attitudes, and patterns of dietary supplement use. The study will not cover younger populations or extend beyond Amuwo Odofin LGA.

 

1.8 Limitations of the Study

A potential limitation of this study is the reliance on self-reported data, which may be subject to recall bias or social desirability bias. Additionally, the study is confined to one LGA, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other regions of Nigeria. Furthermore, the cross-sectional nature of the study may not capture changes in attitudes or behaviours over time.

1.9 Definition of Terms

Dietary Supplements: Products intended to supplement the diet, including vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, and other substances.

Middle-Aged Persons: Individuals between the ages of 40 and 59 years.

Elderly Persons: Individuals aged 60 years and above.

Polypharmacy: The simultaneous use of multiple medications by a patient, often common among elderly populations.